3 Organization of Genetic Variation

3.1 Random mating

3.1.1 Nonverlapping generations

3.2 The Hardy-Weinberg Principle

3.2.1 Random mating of genotypes versus random union of gametes

3.2.2 Implications of the Hardy-Weinberg principles

3.3 Testing for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

3.3.1 Difficulties in testing for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

3.3.2 Complications of Dominance

3.3.3 Frequency of Heterozygotes

3.4 Extensions of the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

3.4.1 Three or More Alleles

3.4.2 X-Linked genes

3.5 Linkage and Linkage Disequilibrium

3.5.1 Difficulties in Testing for Linkage Equilibrium

3.5.2 Relative Measures of Linkage Disequilibrium: D’ and r^2

3.6 Causes of Linkage Disequilibrium

3.6.1 Linkage Disequilibrium due to population admixture

3.6.2 Linkage Disequilibrium due to reduced recombination