2 Genetic and Phenotypic Variation

Population genetics

genotype and phenotype, evolution

2.1 Relevance of Population Genetics

Mendel (1866); Francis Galton

2.2 Phenotypic variation in natural populations

discrete variation, continuous variation

segregation

2.2.1 Continuous variation: the normal distribution

normal distribution

mean and variance

2.2.2 Mean and Variance

parameters: fixed numerical constants, estimates

sample, population

standard deviation

2.2.3 The Central Limit Theorem

multifactorial

2.2.4 Discrete Mendelian Variation

Each of the possible forms of a gene encoded in its DNA sequence is called an allele of the gene.

homozygous, heterozygous

Biometricians vs Mendelians

Fisher 1918

2.3 Multiple-factor inheritance

2.4 Maintenance of Genetic variation

2.5 Mollecular population genetics

2.5.1 Electrophoresis

2.5.2 Allele frequencies and genotype frequencies

2.5.3 Polymorphism and heterozygosity

2.5.4 Allozyme polymorphisms

2.5.5 Inferences from Allozyme Polymorphisms

2.6 Polymorphisms in DNA sequences

2.6.1 Restriction Enzymes

2.6.2 The Polymerase Chain Reaction

2.6.3 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

2.6.4 Synonymous and Nonsynonymous Polymorphisms

2.6.5 Segregating sites and nucleotide mismatches

2.7 Utility of genetic polymorphisms